What is the process of measurement of a feature or location on the earth to determine an absolute latitude, longitude, and elevation?

Mensuration is the correct choice because it specifically refers to the process of measuring features or locations on the Earth to ascertain absolute coordinates, including latitude, longitude, and elevation. This practice is vital in geographical information systems, mapping, and navigation, where precise measurements ensure that calculations for positioning and distance are accurate.

The process of mensuration involves utilizing various tools and methodologies, such as surveying equipment and satellite data, to attain these spatial measurements. In military operations, accurate mensuration is crucial for targeting, as it ensures that coordinates for strikes or indirect fire support are precise, thereby increasing the effectiveness of operations.

Targeting involves selecting specific targets and determining the appropriate means for engagement but does not itself entail the measurement of geographical data. Accuracy refers to the degree of correctness of a measurement, which is an outcome that mensuration strives to achieve, but it is not the process itself. Orienting generally involves aligning a map or a compass with the physical world, which helps in understanding directions but does not encompass the overall process of measuring features like mensuration does.